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What Was Aid to Families With Dependent Children

Written By jueves, 3 de marzo de 2022 Add Comment Edit

Federal assist plan in the U.S. from 1935 to 1997

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) was a federal assist plan in the United states in effect from 1935 to 1997, created by the Social Security Deed (SSA) and administered by the Us Department of Health and Homo Services that provided financial assist to children whose families had depression or no income.

The program grew from a pocket-sized part of the social security organization to a significant organisation of welfare administered by the states with federal funding. However, it was criticized for offer incentives for women to have children, and for providing disincentives for women to bring together the workforce. In July 1997, AFDC was replaced past the more restrictive Temporary Assist for Needy Families (TANF) program.

History [edit]

The overall pass up in welfare monthly benefits (in 2006 dollars)[ane]

The program was created under the name Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) by the Social Security Act of 1935 as part of the New Bargain. It was created as a means tested entitlement which subsidized the income of families where fathers were "deceased, absent, or unable to work".[2] : 29 It provided a direct payment of $18 per month for one child, and $12 for a 2d child.[2] : thirty [three] : 76 In 1994, the average payment was $420/month.[iv]

The federal government required contributions from private states, and authorized state discretion to determine who received aid and in what amount.[two] : 30 ADC was primarily created for white single mothers, who were expected non to work. Black mothers, who had always been in the labor force, were not considered eligible to receive benefits.[5] In 1961 a change in the police force permitted states to extend benefits to families where the father was unemployed, a measure which 25 states eventually adopted.[6] : 164 The words "families with" were added to the name in 1962, partly due to business organization that the programme'due south rules discouraged marriage.[2] : 31

The Ceremonious Rights Movement and the efforts of the National Welfare Rights Organisation in the 1960s expanded the scope of welfare entitlements to include black women. The welfare rolls racial demographics inverse drastically. The majority of welfare recipients still remained white and nearly black female recipients continued to work.[5] Starting in 1962, the Department of Health and Homo Services immune state-specific exemptions every bit long as the change was "in the spirit of AFDC" in society to allow some experimentation. Past 1996 spending was $24 billion per year. When adjusted for inflation, the highest spending was in 1976, which exceeded 1996 spending past virtually 8%.[7] In 1967 the federal government began requiring states to plant the paternity of children eligible for the plan, and extended benefits to "unemployed male parents with a work history".[2] : 31

Man-in-the-business firm rule [edit]

A number of states enacted so chosen "man-in-the-firm" rules, which disqualified families if there was any adult male person present in the household whatsoever. As Williams and Hardisty phrased it:

States had wide discretion to determine eligibility and many states conditioned the receipt of welfare on the sexual morality of the mother, using "suitable home" and "man in the house" rules to disqualify many African American single mothers.[8]

The "human being-in-the-house" rule was struck down in 1968 by the Supreme Court in King five. Smith.[9] Thereafter, families with males in the household were eligible for benefits if they were not deemed to be bodily or substitute parents, although any financial contribution on the part of the male person to the family was still considered a part of the family unit's full income.[3] : 77 By 1981, the Supreme Court went further and required that states have into consideration the income earned by step-fathers.[3] : 77

30-and-a-tertiary rule [edit]

AFDC caseload[6] : 166
Time period Growth
1950-sixty 7%
1960-65 24%
1965-lxx 125%
1970-75 29%
1975-fourscore 3%

The year 1967 saw the establishment of the thirty-and-a-third dominion, which allowed families to go on their commencement $xxx earned along with one third of their income post-obit the first $30 without the modify affecting their eligibility for benefits.[half-dozen] : 164 [10] : 95 This and other factors led to a large increase in enrollment.[10] : 95 For example, caseloads rose 24% from 1960 to 1965, but rose 126% in the catamenia from 1965 to 1970.[half dozen] : 166

Criticism [edit]

Early in the program, there were concerns about whether it encouraged unwed motherhood.[2] : 31 Some advocates complained that the dominion had the upshot of breaking up marriages and promoting matriarchy:[a]

[T]he AFDC program tended to treat households with a cohabiting male who was non the natural father of the children much more than leniently than those with a resident spouse or father of the children. This feature created a articulate disincentive for spousal relationship and also a clear incentive for divorce, considering women who married face up the reduction or loss of their AFDC benefits.[3]

In 1984, libertarian author Charles Murray, author of The Bell Curve, suggested that welfare causes dependency. He argued that as welfare benefits increased, the number of recipients also increased; this beliefs, he said, was rational: there is little reason to work if one can receive benefits for a long period of time without having to work.[vi] : 162–six His later work and that of Richard J. Herrnstein and others suggested possible merit to the theory of a dysgenic effect,[28] however, the information are not entirely clear.[29]

One economist was unable to find disarming show that welfare programs take a potent effect on the dissolution of marriages.[thirty] Simply right or wrong, this argument was among the stepping stones leading to the modification of AFDC toward TANF.[31]

Termination [edit]

In 1996, President Beak Clinton negotiated with the Republican-controlled Congress to pass the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, which drastically restructured the program. Among other changes, a lifetime limit of five years was imposed on the receipt of benefits; the newly express nature of the replacement program was reinforced by calling AFDC'due south successor Temporary Aid for Needy Families (TANF). Many Americans continue to refer to TANF as "welfare" or AFDC.

TANF has remained controversial. In 2003, LaShawn Y. Warren, an ACLU Legislative Counsel, said that TANF gives states an incentive "to deny benefits to those who demand information technology about. The solution to getting people out of the cycle of poverty is not to prematurely boot them off welfare. Too many have been denied aid unfairly, creating a simulated impression that the number of people who demand help has decreased."[32] In 2006, a New Republic editorial wrote, "A wide consensus now holds that welfare reform was certainly non a disaster—and that it may, in fact, have worked much as its designers had hoped."[33]

See also [edit]

  • Administration for Children and Families
  • Goldberg 5. Kelly
  • Universal basic income

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ see also single-parent family unit

References [edit]

  1. ^ 2008 Indicators of Welfare Dependence Figure TANF 2.
  2. ^ a b c d east f Blank, Susan W.; Blum, Barbara B. (1997). "A Brief History of Work Expectations for Welfare Mothers". The Futurity of Children. seven (1): 28–38. doi:10.2307/1602575. JSTOR 1602575. PMID 9170730. S2CID 14166595.
  3. ^ a b c d Grossbard, Shoshana A. (28 April 2003). Shoshana Grossbard-Shechtman (ed.). Marriage and the Economy: Theory and Evidence from Avant-garde Industrial Societies. Cambridge University Press. ISBN9780521891431 . Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  4. ^ [1]
  5. ^ a b Roberts, Dorothy (1997). "Chapter 5". Killing the Black Trunk: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty . Pantheon Books.
  6. ^ a b c d e Murray, Charles (four August 2008). Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950-1980, tenth Anniversary Edition. Basic Books. ISBN9780786723775 . Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  7. ^ U.Southward. Section of Wellness and Human Services (website) "Federal and Country Expenditures for AFDC"
  8. ^ "The Right'due south Campaign Against Welfare". Archived from the original on 2015-11-19. Retrieved 2014-08-07 .
  9. ^ "Aid To Dependent Children: The Legal History". Virginia Commonwealth University . Retrieved four May 2018.
  10. ^ a b Kiefer, Christie W. (2000). Wellness Work with the Poor: A Practical Guide. Rutgers University Press. ISBN9780813527772 . Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  11. ^ Grove, Robert D.; Hetzel, Alice M. (1968). Vital Statistics Rates in the United States 1940-1960 (PDF) (Report). Public Health Service Publication. Vol. 1677. U.S. Department of Health, Pedagogy, and Welfare, U.Due south. Public Wellness Service, National Center for Health Statistics. p. 185.
  12. ^ Ventura, Stephanie J.; Bachrach, Christine A. (October 18, 2000). Nonmarital Childbearing in the United states, 1940-99 (PDF) (Written report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 48. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Centre for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Arrangement. pp. 28–31.
  13. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Park, Melissa G. (February 12, 2002). Births: Final Data for 2000 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. l. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Middle for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 46.
  14. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady East.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Park, Melissa M.; Sutton, Paul D. (December 18, 2002). Births: Final Data for 2001 (PDF) (Written report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 51. Centers for Disease Command and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Organization. p. 47.
  15. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Munson, Martha L. (December 17, 2003). Births: Final Data for 2002 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 52. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Organisation. p. 57.
  16. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Munson, Martha L. (September 8, 2005). Births: Final Information for 2003 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 54. Centers for Disease Command and Prevention, National Heart for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 52.
  17. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon (September 29, 2006). Births: Last Data for 2004 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 55. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Heart for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 57.
  18. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Munson, Martha Fifty. (December 5, 2007). Births: Final Data for 2005 (PDF) (Written report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 56. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Middle for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Organization. p. 57.
  19. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Mathews, T.J. (Jan vii, 2009). Births: Terminal Data for 2006 (PDF) (Study). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 57. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Eye for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 54.
  20. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Mathews, T.J.; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Osterman, Michelle J.K. (August nine, 2010). Births: Final Data for 2007 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 58. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Heart for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 46.
  21. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Mathews, T.J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K. (December 8, 2010). Births: Terminal Data for 2008 (PDF) (Study). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 59. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics Organisation. p. 46.
  22. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady Eastward.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.1000.; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Mathews, T.J.; Wilson, Elizabeth C. (November 3, 2011). Births: Final Data for 2009 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 60. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics Organization. p. 46.
  23. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Wilson, Elizabeth C.; Mathews, T.J. (August 28, 2012). Births: Final Information for 2010 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 61. Centers for Disease Command and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Arrangement. p. 45.
  24. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Mathews, T.J. (June 28, 2013). Births: Final Data for 2011 (PDF) (Study). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 62. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 43.
  25. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady Due east.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Sally C. (December 30, 2013). Births: Final Information for 2012 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 62. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Heart for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics Organisation. p. 41.
  26. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.Chiliad.; Curtin, Sally C.; Mathews, T.J. (January 15, 2015). Births: Final Data for 2013 (PDF) (Study). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 64. Centers for Disease Command and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. p. 40.
  27. ^ Hamilton, Brady E.; Martin, Joyce A.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Sally C.; Mathews, T.J. (December 23, 2015). Births: Final Data for 2014 (PDF) (Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 64. Centers for Disease Command and Prevention, National Middle for Wellness Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. pp. 7 & 41.
  28. ^ Herrnstein, R. J. and Murray, C. (1994). The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Form Structure in American Life. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-02-914673-9 pgs 191-193
  29. ^ The Bell Bend Flattened by Nicholas Lemann in Slate (January 1996)
  30. ^ Schoeni, Robert F. and Rebecca M. Blank. 2000. "What Has Welfare Reform Accomplished? Impacts on Welfare Participation, Employment, Income, Poverty, and Family unit Construction." National Bureau of Economic Research Working Newspaper 7627. Cambridge, MA: NBER
  31. ^ "Transcendental goods", Reason (magazine), April one, 2004, by Nick Gillespie, "Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980 was a devastating dissection of welfare programs and is widely credited with helping inspire the welfare reforms of the 1990s." This is besides supported by "George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography", by Webster Thousand. Tarpley & Anton Chaitkin Chapter 11
  32. ^ ACLU Says Current Welfare Reform Mensurate Ineffective, Calls for Civil Rights Protections, Better Poverty Elimination Efforts (September ten, 2003)
  33. ^ Fared Well. New Republic, September 4, 2006, Vol. 235, Issue ten, Folio 7.

Farther reading [edit]

  • Keith One thousand. Kilty, Elizabeth A. Segal. The Promise of Welfare Reform: Political Rhetoric and the Reality of Poverty in the Twenty-Start. (2006)
  • Clarita A. Mrena and Patricia Elston. Welfare Reform: Land Sanction Policies and Number of Families Affected (2000)
  • Robert P Stoker and Laura A Wilson. When Piece of work Is Not Enough: State and Federal Policies to Support Needy Workers 2006
  • Webster Thou. Tarpley and Anton Chaitkin. George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography
  • Joel N. Shurkin. Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley, Creator of the Electronic Age. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2006. ISBN 1-4039-8815-three
  • Herrnstein, R. J. and Murray, C. (1994). The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Construction in American Life. New York: Free Printing. ISBN 0-02-914673-9
  • Charles Murray, 1984. Losing Ground: American Social Policy. 1950–1980
  • Nick Gillespie. "Transcendental goods". Reason (magazine), April 1, 2004
  • "The Bell Curve Flattened" by Nicholas Lemann, in Slate (magazine) (Jan 1996)
  • "Is the Great Society to Arraign? If Not, Why Accept Bug Worsened Since '60s?" by Michael Fumento, Investor's Business Daily, June xix, 1992
  • "Cracked Bell" by Professor James Heckman in Reason (March 1995)
  • "Federal and Country Expenditures for AFDC" from the U.Southward. Department of Health and Human Services website
  • "A Brief History of the AFDC Program" from the U.S. Department of Health and Human being Services (website)
  • "The New Kid Intendance Cake Grant, State Funding Choices and Their Implications" by Sharon 1000. Long & Sandra J. Clark, posted to the Urban Constitute website October one, 1997
  • "Women, Children, and Poverty in America" by Prudence Brown, Ford Foundation website
  • "Timeline of National Welfare Reform" from PBS.org

External links [edit]

  • Help to Families with Dependent Children at HHS
  • The Time to come of Children, Executive Summary, Center for the Future of Children, The David and Lucile Packard Foundation, at Princeton Academy website

buchananthersom2002.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_to_Families_with_Dependent_Children

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